4000 psi oxygen valve

. The sea covers a little more than 70 % with surface of the sphere, that is to say approximately 360 million kilom?es carr?(140 million miles carr?). Since Antiquit?usqu'?os days, it is a feature of union between the people and the continents. Deep seas always have?ill?a curiosit?e the man and have donn?ieu?utant myths and of l?ndes which it is possible of in imaginer..Ce which?it only curiosit?st today of a major int?t?nomic and strat?que. Increase in the world population and needs that it g?re pr?ntent the marine environment under an angle diff?nt. It appara?comme a formidable potential of living resources and min?les. In addition, one of the major stakes of the conqu? deep seas r?de in the exploitation of the fields of nodules polym?lliques..Mais underwater exploration, it is also the plong?subaquatique one. That it is practised like activit?portive or an auxiliary of the arch?ogy, it is a t?in progr?men?en the mati?. The man vis-a-vis with the constraints of plong?Lorsque the oc?aute p?tre in water, it undergoes the physical laws specific to the fluids. If it is true that the principle of Archim? apply?out body plong?ans a liquid, physiological cons?ences to the plunger are non-existent. But it is not m? if one consid? increase in the pressure and its r?rcussions on the human organism. The subaqueous plunger exposes?es serious physiological disorders, being able entra?r death. Dans the first time, the plunger owes?iper to be able to adapt to the aquatic environment. This premi? ?pe imposes the correction of the visual d?rmations. They are the cons?ence of a bad convergence of the images on the r?ne. For y rem?er, the man must obtain a mask of glass?' image of somebody who would observe an aquarium. The second?pe consists?allier the d?rdition of human body heat. It is all the more fast as the plunger limits its movements in order to?nomiser its r?rves in air. Also, - it obtains one?ipement compos?' a combination int?ale?nche or semi-?nche, out of foam of N?r?, and of?ments destin??soler the extr?t?du body. Water p?tre between the skin and v?ment without circulating there, thus ensuring an effective thermal protection. On the sea level, the man?lue under a constant pressure of 1 kg /cm 2 (14,3 pounds per inch carr?. When the plunger is immersed, the pressure to which it is subjected increases. Thus, when it reaches 10 m, the pressure is 2 kg /cm 2. a 40 m depth, the pressure is 5 kg /cm 2, that is to say five times normal sup?eure?a. 1 m of depth, the pressure exerc?sur the human chest does not allow a activit?ormale respiratory muscles. To compensate for this handicap, the plunger inspires by the air comprim?elon the depth of the immersion. are 10 m, it comprim? 2 kg /cm 2 (28,6 pounds per inch carr? and? kg /cm 2 (85,8 pounds per inch carr? for a depth of 50 Mr. All these variations of pressure entra?nt a modification on the level of cavit?contenant of the air. D?lors, the compression of the lungs, the stomach but also of the sines and the tympanums, constitutes a major risk for the plunger. The solubilit?' a gas contained in a liquid is all the more large as the pressure is large. Do the risks intervene at the time of the remont? measure that the plunger goes up towards surface, the pressure decreases and the dissolved gases disperse in the form of bubbles. These bubbles disappear from the organization in so far as the oc?aute respects remont?progressive. To allow the plungers, which they are professional or occasional, to practise to them activit?ans no risk, of the tables of plong?ont? ?bor?. They d?nissent with rigour the number and the dur?des stages?especter at the time of the remont?et that according to the depth of immersion. The premi? of does these tables have? development by J Haldane, in 1907, on behalf of Royal Navy. In do France, the plungers use since 1965 tables GERS 65 adapt? with the travailleurs hyperbares.. this?que, there did not exist official tables for the plong?sportive of leisures. It takes into account fabrics more and more, which imposes increasingly long stages. In 1992, the MT 92?blie by the minist? is Work?ndue officially for the premi? time at the leisures. titrates example, a plong??0 m of depth, with a bottle of air of 12 liters volume, can last 15 min, with a stage of 4 min? m. The travailleurs hyperbares. have r?lu this probl? by the interm?aire of the maisons under the sea. They allow s?urner the bottom, to work there and to subject to the stages of d?mpression only once, it is -?anger at the time of the remont? Les gas?aute pressure has effects on the organization that the man could not explain until?ujourd' today. They have physiological or psychological cons?ences because they alt?nt the syst? highly-strung person. That which comes imm?atement?' spirit bears the name of narcose?' nitrogenizes, sometimes more known under the name of ivress depths. It occurs in the event of use of a diving-suit to?ir, to only?artir a depth?le or sup?eure?0 m. It would seem, in the current?t our knowledge, that it is due?a fixing of greases on the syst? nerveux..La barri? narcosis, according to the expression of the technicians, constitutes a major handicap in exploration under-marine..La knowledge of the physical laws allows?' man to consider increasingly major immersions. Current research relates to the gas m?nges. Gr.? with the d?uvertes r?ntes, the oc?aute is able to reach depths of about 500 m, in plong?simul? According to a l?nde, this apparatus has? utilis?ors of if? of fine Tyr?a of IVe si?e before our?. But, lasting of the si?es, the man will run up against the laws of the physics of the fluids whose he is unaware of the existence. this date, the Italian Giovanni Borelli?bore what could?e the anc?e of the diving-suit. However, its apparatus will be never exp?ment?. Curiously, whereas the bases of plong?semblaient acquired, the?lution towards the heavy diving-suit will be made?artir of the id?grecque old woman of the bell?longeurs. In 1716, the English Edmund Halley immerses in water of the Thames, by 18 m basic, a machine appel?cloche of Halley. The oc?autes are aliment?en air by the interm?aire of barrels lest?et immerg? The stabilit?u plunger is assur?par lead soles. It will have to be waited until 1819 so that the diving-suit takes its d?nitive form. Today, the use of the?asque diving-suit is limited to work n?ssitant a minimum of d?acements on the bottom. The principle of the?asque diving-suit is little modifi?epuis 1819. Do the am?orations consist on the one hand of better a?nch??r? ?es sleeves of rubber and in addition in am?gement of a valve r?able of the int?or. This syst? allows to compensate for the variations of pressure induced by the changes of depth. Cependant, the heavy diving-suit pr?nte of the risks of accident not n?igeables, which have endeuill?' history of underwater exploration. In the first case, there is d?ession by r?ction of the volume of air, cons?tive?ne reduction in the d?t of air on the surface. The diver is then in the incapacit?e contr?r his descent towards the depths. The d?mpression is such as the human body is irr?diablement aspir?ers the helmet. In the second case, it acts of a remont?par accumulation of air, often caus?par a dysfunction of the valve of?cuation of air. The speed of the remont?est such as the dissolved nitrogen pr?nt in blood does not have the time of r?rber. The diver is victim of an accident of d?mpression. There are two types of r?lator of pressure, more commun?nt appel??ndor, according to whether there poss? one or two?ges of d?nte. The dorsal d?ndor?n?ge is most current. When the plunger inspires, it cr?une d?ession?' int?or of a Lower House. Thus, the plunger can - it to aspire air frais.. the expiry, the gases are?cu?par a valve of expiry, or duck bec, situ?sur the end which the diver holds in his mouth. With the fur and?esure of the descent of the plunger, the pressure exerc?par water increases. the valve opens until?e that the?ilibre pressures is r?bli. That they are autonomous or not, in open circuit or ferm?il exists many syst?s of diving-suits, all adapt?aux requirements of exploration or underwater work. Le diving-suit?ircuit open, but nonautonomous, appel?narguil?, is a syst? utilis?our of work of long dur?ne not n?ssitant important d?acements. This proc? substitutes?elui heavy diving-suit. Is the plunger reli? a battery of bottles of air, under a pressure of 5? kg /cm 2 (70?00 books per inch carr?, by a d?ndor dot?' a?ge low pressure. Le aqualung semi-ferm?arque?ircuit a news?pe in underwater exploration. Still with the stage exp?mental, this syst? try to minimize the risks of intoxications and intoxication depths by r?isant the rate of oxyg?. It rests on the principle of a m?nge gas h?ox. (h?um + oxyg? ) the proportions vary according to the depth of the plong? The circuit semi-ferm?e caract?se by the pr?nce of a respiratory bag provided with a cartridge?ratrice. The aqualung?ircuit ferm?e composes one to r?rvoir?az comprim?d' a d?ndor high pressure and of a flexible respiratory bag being used as Lower House pressure. The gases expir?sont filtr?par the interm?aire of a cartridge which absorbs carbon dioxide. This device allows a plong?ind?lable from surface, without?ssion of bubbles. Its use is strictly r?rv?au military field. The toxicit?iolente of the oxyg? with-del?' certain depth limits its application to the ten first m?es water section. Autonomous machines and houses under the sea the physical and physiological constraints inh?ntes?a plong?imposent a restricted use of simple diving-suits for underwater exploration. D?les ann? 1930, the oc?ographes have tent?' to approach the underwater funds. It appara?un half-si?e later than the donn? don't scientists in our possession r?lement have?lu?.Le first machine?tteint a 907 m depth has? r?is?ar the biologist am?cain William Beebe, in 1934. The bathysph? is a nonautonomous apparatus: it cannot contr?r its descent, and its remont?se makes by means of a c?e which maintains it in contact with surface. L' autonomy of d?acement of the v?cules of will plong?sera inspir?de directly the technique from the airships. In 1946, does the Swiss physicist Auguste Piccard, sp?alist of the rises in balloon, go?iper a sph? m?llic of r?rvoirs. The latter contain gasoline, of which the densit?st weaker than that of water. this device thus allows a remont?ind?ndante surface. The depth of immersion is contr?e by means of ballasts, just like an airship. Only destiny? the observation, the bathyscaphe, provided with port-holes, is dot?' an engine which ensures a capacit?e d?acements to him longitudinal. Gr.? ?et apparatus, underwater exploration gradually will reach deep seas of the oc?s. Initially, in 1954, a bathyscaphe will descend?a depth ever reached from 4 050 Mr. Cependant, he will be necessary to await six long ann? to arrive?oucher the plancher. world. Does this adventure have? r?is?le January 23, 1960 by US Navy?ord of a version am?or?de bathyscaphe. Did gift Walsh and Jacques Piccard, wire of the inventor, reach?ord of Trieste the 10 987 m depth, with broad of? of Guam (Peaceful). Malgr?et technical exploit, the adventure great depths continuous. It acts d?rmais to arrive?ugmenter the autonomy and operating the ranges of these machines. Their applications are primarily scientists. These submersibles. of a particular kind are destin??a research and with the pr?vements of let us?antillons in full water as on the bottom. Les plunging saucers, or puces of sea, has an applicability which is only at the neighbourhoods of a few hundreds of m?es of depth. This do the fact inconv?ent is compens?ar that they allow explorations of long hard? The premi? does saucer of this cat?rie have? setting?' water on July 25 1959. it is the &oelig.uvre of the commander Cousteau. Its diam?e of 2 m and its 1,46 m height allowed?eux men to settle?lat belly?' int?or of a cockpit equipped with many port-holes. Its speed exc?it not a n&oelig.ud, is 1,852 km /h. This version will be followed of Deep Star /4000. Of form sph?que (1,90 m of diam?e), Deep Star?lue?ne speed of 3 n&oelig.uds by means of two h?ces lat?les. Its capacit?' immersion reaches 1 200 m, depth?aquelle it can d?acer on a radius of 40 kilom?es. Un another example of machine limit?n depth, which is not?roprement to speak a puce about sea, is M?scaphe of Jacques Piccard. Able to immerse itself until?00 m, of a capacit?e 40 places, it is only destin?au tourism (lake L?n, Switzerland). Il exists many submarines, others that military. They pr?ntent sometimes propri?s and capacit?d' underwater exploration diff?ntes. Does Aluminaut go back to 1963, it is a complete machine which associates an immersion? 000 m of depth and a range operating of 150 km. The Alvine one of US Navy plunges?ui as? 000 m. It is?oter that these machines of underwater exploration are primarily idiot? to accomodate two people. Ann? 1960 are marqu? by large the d?uvertes of cosmos and underwater funds. In the second moiti?u XXe si?e, the man seeks?rolonger the dur?d' immersion to be able to work. With this intention, it undertakes a succession of exp?mentations aiming?oser on funds of v?tables houses under the sea. Is the goal to allow a s?ur few days?lusieurs weeks in?t of compression and to practise the stages of d?mpression only?' occasion of the remont? The oc?autes embarqu?pratiquent exits r?li?s during their s?ur. La premi? exp?ence in this field is due?' oc?ographe am?cain Edwin Link, in 1962. During this m? ann? the op?tion Pr?ntinent I, dirig?par the commander Cousteau, immerses two plungers?ne depth 10 m during 8 days. Are one year later, in July 1963, two houses immerg? at sea Red: the exp?ence, Pr?ntinent II, include/understand a dwelling?, 50 m basic, the other resting?ne depth 25 m. Are the dwellings respectively food? in air and with a m?nge of h?um and air, this last posing the probl? of entra?r of the important calorific losses. D?lors, research succ?nt without r?t.. 2000 Hatchet Multim?a/Hachette Book is a free software distribu?ous licence GNU/GPL.